4.5 Operators and Expression Evaluation
1
[
{precedence of operators}
{operator precedence}
The language defines the following six categories
of operators (given in order of increasing precedence). The corresponding
operator_symbols, and only those, can be used
as
designators in declarations of functions
for user-defined operators. See
6.6, “
Overloading
of Operators”.]
Syntax
2
logical_operator ::= and |
or |
xor
3
relational_operator ::= = | /= | < | <= | > | >=
4
binary_adding_operator ::= + | – | &
5
unary_adding_operator ::= + | –
6
multiplying_operator ::= * | / |
mod |
rem
7
highest_precedence_operator ::= ** |
abs |
not
7.a
Discussion: Some of the above syntactic
categories are not used in other syntax rules. They are just used for
classification. The others are used for both classification and parsing.
Static Semantics
8
For a sequence of operators of the same precedence
level, the operators are associated with their operands in textual order
from left to right. Parentheses can be used to impose specific associations.
8.a
Discussion: The left-associativity is
not directly inherent in the grammar of
4.4,
though in
1.1.4 the definition of the metasymbols
{} implies left associativity. So this could be seen as redundant,
depending on how literally one interprets the definition of the
{}
metasymbols.
8.b
See the Implementation Permissions below regarding
flexibility in reassociating operators of the same precedence.
9
{predefined operator}
{operator (predefined)}
For each form of type definition, certain of the
above operators are
predefined; that is, they are implicitly declared
immediately after the type definition.
{binary
operator} {operator
(binary)} {unary
operator} {operator
(unary)} For each such implicit operator
declaration, the parameters are called Left and Right for
binary
operators; the single parameter is called Right for
unary operators.
[An expression of the form X op Y, where op is a binary operator, is
equivalent to a
function_call of the form
"op"(X, Y). An expression of the form op Y, where op is a unary
operator, is equivalent to a
function_call
of the form "op"(Y). The predefined operators and their effects
are described in subclauses
4.5.1 through
4.5.6.]
Dynamic Semantics
10
[
{Constraint_Error
(raised by failure of run-time check)} The
predefined operations on integer types either yield the mathematically
correct result or raise the exception Constraint_Error. For implementations
that support the Numerics Annex, the predefined operations on real types
yield results whose accuracy is defined in
Annex
G, or raise the exception Constraint_Error. ]
10.a
To be honest: Predefined operations on
real types can “silently” give wrong results when the Machine_Overflows
attribute is false, and the computation overflows.
Implementation Requirements
11
{Constraint_Error
(raised by failure of run-time check)} The
implementation of a predefined operator that delivers a result of an
integer or fixed point type may raise Constraint_Error only if the result
is outside the base range of the result type.
12
{Constraint_Error
(raised by failure of run-time check)} The
implementation of a predefined operator that delivers a result of a floating
point type may raise Constraint_Error only if the result is outside the
safe range of the result type.
12.a
To be honest: An exception is made for
exponentiation by a negative exponent in
4.5.6.
Implementation Permissions
13
For a sequence of predefined operators of the same
precedence level (and in the absence of parentheses imposing a specific
association), an implementation may impose any association of the operators
with operands so long as the result produced is an allowed result for
the left-to-right association, but ignoring the potential for failure
of language-defined checks in either the left-to-right or chosen order
of association.
13.a
Discussion: Note that the permission
to reassociate the operands in any way subject to producing a result
allowed for the left-to-right association is not much help for most floating
point operators, since reassociation may introduce significantly different
round-off errors, delivering a result that is outside the model interval
for the left-to-right association. Similar problems arise for division
with integer or fixed point operands.
13.b
Note that this permission does not apply to
user-defined operators.
14
11 The two operands of an expression of
the form X op Y, where op is a binary operator, are evaluated in an arbitrary
order, as for any
function_call (see
6.4).
Examples
15
Examples of precedence:
16
not Sunny or Warm -- same as (not Sunny) or Warm
X > 4.0 and Y > 0.0 -- same as (X > 4.0) and (Y > 0.0)
17
-4.0*A**2 -- same as –(4.0 * (A**2))
abs(1 + A) + B -- same as (abs (1 + A)) + B
Y**(-3) -- parentheses are necessary
A / B * C -- same as (A/B)*C
A + (B + C) -- evaluate B + C before adding it to A
Wording Changes from Ada 83
17.a
We don't give a detailed definition of precedence,
since it is all implicit in the syntax rules anyway.
17.b
The permission to reassociate is moved here
from RM83-11.6(5), so it is closer to the rules defining operator association.
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