Section 9: Tasks and Synchronization
1
The execution of an Ada program
consists of the execution of one or more
tasks.
Each
task represents a separate thread of control that proceeds independently
and concurrently between the points where it
interacts with other
tasks. The various forms of task interaction are described in this section,
and include:
1.a
To be honest: The execution of an Ada
program consists of the execution of one or more partitions (see
10.2),
each of which in turn consists of the execution of an environment task
and zero or more subtasks.
2
the activation and termination of a task;
3
a call on a protected subprogram
of a
protected object, providing exclusive read-write access,
or concurrent read-only access to shared data;
4
a call on an entry, either of another task, allowing
for synchronous communication with that task, or of a protected object,
allowing for asynchronous communication with one or more other tasks
using that same protected object;
5
a timed operation, including a simple delay statement,
a timed entry call or accept, or a timed asynchronous select statement
(see next item);
6
an asynchronous transfer of control as part of
an asynchronous select statement, where a task stops what it is doing
and begins execution at a different point in response to the completion
of an entry call or the expiration of a delay;
7
an abort statement, allowing one task to cause
the termination of another task.
8
In addition, tasks can communicate indirectly by
reading and updating (unprotected) shared variables, presuming the access
is properly synchronized through some other kind of task interaction.
Static Semantics
9
The properties of a task are
defined by a corresponding task declaration and
task_body,
which together define a program unit called a
task unit.
Dynamic Semantics
10
Over time, tasks proceed through various
states.
A
task is initially
inactive; upon activation, and prior to its
termination it is either
blocked (as part of some task
interaction) or
ready to run.
While ready,
a task competes for the available
execution resources that it
requires to run.
10.a/3
Discussion: {
AI05-0229-1}
The means for selecting which
of the ready tasks to run, given the currently available execution resources,
is determined by the
task dispatching policy in effect, which
is generally implementation defined, but may be controlled by
aspects,
pragmas
, and operations defined in
the Real-Time Annex (see
D.2 and
D.5).
11
1 Concurrent task execution may be implemented
on multicomputers, multiprocessors, or with interleaved execution on
a single physical processor. On the other hand, whenever an implementation
can determine that the required semantic effects can be achieved when
parts of the execution of a given task are performed by different physical
processors acting in parallel, it may choose to perform them in this
way.
Wording Changes from Ada 83
11.a
The introduction has been rewritten.
11.b
We use the term "concurrent" rather
than "parallel" when talking about logically independent execution
of threads of control. The term "parallel" is reserved for
referring to the situation where multiple physical processors run simultaneously.
Ada 2005 and 2012 Editions sponsored in part by Ada-Europe
