Discriminants

{AI95-00251-01} {AI95-00326-01} [ A composite type (other than an array or interface type) can have discriminants, which parameterize the type. A known_discriminant_part specifies the discriminants of a composite type. A discriminant of an object is a component of the object, and is either of a discrete type or an access type. An unknown_discriminant_part in the declaration of a partial view of a type specifies that the discriminants of the type are unknown for the given view; all subtypes of such a partial view are indefinite subtypes.]

Glossary entry: A discriminant is a parameter for of a composite type. It can control, for example, the bounds of a component of the type if the component is that type is an array type. A discriminant for of a task type can be used to pass data to a task of the type upon creation.

Discussion: {AI95-00114-01} A view of a type, and all of its subtypes of the view, have unknown discriminants when the number or names of the discriminants, if any, are unknown at the point of the type declaration for the view. A discriminant_part of (<>) is used to indicate unknown discriminants.

Language Design Principles

{AI95-00402-01} When an access discriminant is initialized at the time of object creation with an allocator of an anonymous type, the allocated object and the object with the discriminant are tied together for their lifetime. They should be allocated out of the same storage pool, and then at the end of the lifetime of the enclosing object, finalized and reclaimed together. In this case, the allocated object is called a coextension (see 3.10.2).

Discussion: The above principle when applied to a nonlimited type implies that such an object may be copied only to a shorter-lived object, because attempting to assign it to a longer-lived object would fail because the access discriminants would not match. In a copy, the lifetime connection between the enclosing object and the allocated object does not exist. The allocated object is tied in the above sense only to the original object. Other copies have only secondary references to it.

Note that when an allocator appears as a constraint on an access discriminant in a subtype_indication that is elaborated independently from object creation, no such connection exists. For example, if a named constrained subtype is declared via "subtype Constr is Rec(Acc_Discrim => new T);" or if such an allocator appears in the subtype_indication for a component, the allocator is evaluated when the subtype_indication is elaborated, and hence its lifetime is typically longer than the objects or components that will later be subject to the constraint. In these cases, the allocated object should not be reclaimed until the subtype_indication goes out of scope.

Syntax

Name Resolution Rules

Legality Rules

{8652/0007} {AI95-00098-01} {AI95-00251-01} A discriminant_part known_discriminant_part is only permitted in a declaration for a composite type that is not an array or interface type [(this includes generic formal types)]. A; a type declared with a known_discriminant_part is called a discriminated type, as is a type that inherits (known) discriminants.

Implementation Note: Discriminants on array types were considered, but were omitted to ease (existing) implementations.

Discussion: Note that the above definition for “discriminated type” does not include types declared with an unknown_discriminant_part. This seems consistent with Ada 83, where such types (in a generic formal part) would not be considered discriminated types. Furthermore, the full type for a type with unknown discriminants need not even be composite, much less have any discriminants.

{8652/0007} {AI95-00098-01} On the other hand, unknown_discriminant_parts cannot be applied to type declarations that cannot have a known_discriminant_part. There is no point in having unknown discriminants on a type that can never have discriminants (for instance, a formal modular type), even when these are allowed syntactically.

{AI95-00231-01} {AI95-00254-01} The subtype of a discriminant may be defined by an optional null_exclusion and a subtype_mark, in which case the subtype_mark shall denote a discrete or access subtype, or it may be defined by an access_definition [(in which case the subtype_mark of the access_definition may denote any kind of subtype)]. A discriminant that is defined by an access_definition is called an access discriminant and is of an anonymous access general access-to-variable type whose designated subtype is denoted by the subtype_mark of the access_definition.

This paragraph was deleted.Reason: {AI95-00230-01} In an early version of Ada 9X, we allowed access discriminants on nonlimited types, but this created unpleasant complexities. It turned out to be simpler and more uniform to allow discriminants of a named access type on any discriminated type, and keep access discriminants just for limited types.

Note that discriminants of a named access type are not considered “access discriminants.” Similarly, “access parameter” only refers to a formal parameter defined by an access_definition.

{AI95-00402-01} {AI05-0214-1} Default_expressions shall be provided either for all or for none of the discriminants of a known_discriminant_part. No default_expressions are permitted in a known_discriminant_part in a declaration of a nonlimited tagged type [or a generic formal type].

Reason: The all-or-none rule is related to the rule that a discriminant constraint shall specify values for all discriminants. One could imagine a different rule that allowed a constraint to specify only some of the discriminants, with the others provided by default. Having defaults for discriminants has a special significance — it allows objects of the type to be unconstrained, with the discriminants alterable as part of assigning to the object.

{AI05-0214-1} Defaults for discriminants of tagged types are disallowed so that every object of a nonlimited tagged type is constrained, either by an explicit constraint, or by its initial discriminant values. This substantially simplifies the semantic rules and the implementation of inherited dispatching operations. We don't need this rule for limited tagged types, as the discriminants of such objects cannot be changed after the object is created in any case — no full-object assignment is supported, and that is required to change discriminant values. For generic formal types, the restriction simplifies the type matching rules. If one simply wants a "default" value for the discriminants, a constrained subtype can be declared for future use.

{AI95-00230-01} {AI95-00402-01} {AI95-00419-01} {AI05-0063-1} A discriminant_specification for an access discriminant may have a default_expression shall appear only in the declaration for an immutably limited type (see 7.5) a task or protected type, or for a type that is a descendant of an explicitly limited record type with the reserved word limited in its [(full)] definition or in that of one of its ancestors. In addition to the places where Legality Rules normally apply (see 12.3), this rule applies also in the private part of an instance of a generic unit.

Discussion: This rule implies that a type can have a default for an access discriminant if the type is limited, but not if the only reason it's limited is because of a limited component. Compare with the definition of limited type and immutably limited type in 7.5. Also, recall that a “descendant” includes the type itself, so an explicitly limited record type can have defaults.

Ramification: It is a consequence of this rule that only a return-by-reference type can have an access discriminant (see 6.5). This is important to avoid dangling references to local variables. A (non-formal) limited private type can always have a default for an access discriminant, because having the default itself makes the type immutably limited. Such a private type must necessarily have a full type with the same access discriminant with a default, and thus the full type will always be immutably limited (if legal).

Reason: {AI95-00230-01} We also considered the following rules for access discriminants:

If a type has an access discriminant, this automatically makes it limited, just like having a limited component automatically makes a type limited. This was rejected because it decreases program readability, and because it seemed error prone (two bugs in a previous version of the RM9X were attributable to this rule).

A type with an access discriminant shall be limited. This is equivalent to the rule we actually chose for Ada 95, except that it allows a type to have an access discriminant if it is limited just because of a limited component. For example, any record containing a task would be allowed to have an access discriminant, whereas the actual rule requires “limited record”. This rule was also rejected due to readability concerns, and because would interact badly with the rules for limited types that “become nonlimited”.

{AI05-0063-1} A type may have an access discriminant if it is an immutably limited a limited partial view, or a task, protected, or explicitly limited record type. This was the rule chosen for Ada 95.

Any type may have an access discriminant. For nonlimited type, there is no special accessibility for access discriminants; they're the same as any other anonymous access component. For a limited type, they have the special accessibility of Ada 95. However, this doesn't work because a limited partial view can have a nonlimited full view -- giving the two views different accessibility.

{AI05-0063-1} Any type may have an access discriminant, as above. However, special accessibility rules only apply to types that are immutably “really” limited (task, protected, and explicitly limited records). However, this breaks privacy; worse, Legality Rules depend on the definition of accessibility.

{AI05-0063-1} Any type may have an access discriminant, as above. Limited types have special accessibility, while nonlimited types have normal accessibility. However, a limited partial view with an access discriminant can only be completed by an immutably limited a task, protected, or explicitly limited record type. That prevents accessibility from changing. A runtime accessibility check is required on generic formal types with access discriminants. However, changing between limited and nonlimited types would have far-reaching consequences for access discriminants — which is uncomfortable.

Any type may have an access discriminant. All types have special accessibility. This was considered early during the Ada 9X process, but was dropped for “unpleasant complexities”, which unfortunately aren't recorded. It does seem that an accessibility check would be needed on assignment of such a type, to avoid copying an object with a discriminant pointing to a local object into a more global object (and thus creating a dangling pointer).

Any type may have an access discriminant, but access discriminants cannot have defaults. All types have special accessibility. This gets rid of the problems on assignment (you couldn't change such a discriminant), but it would be horribly incompatible with Ada 95.

{AI05-0063-1} Any type may have an access discriminant, but access discriminants may have defaults only if they are of an immutably a “really” limited type. This is the rule chosen for Ada 2005, as it is not incompatible, and it doesn't require weird accessibility checks.

This paragraph was deleted.{AI95-00402-01} Default_expressions shall be provided either for all or for none of the discriminants of a known_discriminant_part. No default_expressions are permitted in a known_discriminant_part in a declaration of a tagged type [or a generic formal type].

Defaults for discriminants of tagged types are disallowed so that every object of a tagged type is constrained, either by an explicit constraint, or by its initial discriminant values. This substantially simplifies the semantic rules and the implementation of inherited dispatching operations. For generic formal types, the restriction simplifies the type matching rules. If one simply wants a "default" value for the discriminants, a constrained subtype can be declared for future use.

Implementation Note: This ensures that the new discriminant can share storage with an existing discriminant.

If a discriminant is used in the constraint defining the parent subtype, the subtype of the discriminant shall be statically compatible (see 4.9.1) with the subtype of the corresponding parent discriminant.

Reason: This ensures that on conversion (or extension via an extension aggregate) to a distantly related type, if the discriminants satisfy the target type's requirements they satisfy all the intermediate types' requirements as well.

Ramification: There is no requirement that the new discriminant have the same (or any) default_expression as the parent's discriminant.

This paragraph was deleted.{AI05-0102-1} The type of the default_expression, if any, for an access discriminant shall be convertible to the anonymous access type of the discriminant (see 4.6).

This paragraph was deleted.Ramification: This requires convertibility of the designated subtypes.

Static Semantics

A discriminant_specification declares a discriminant; the subtype_mark denotes its subtype unless it is an access discriminant, in which case the discriminant's subtype is the anonymous access-to-variable subtype defined by the access_definition.

[For a type defined by a derived_type_definition, each discriminant of the parent type is either inherited, constrained to equal some new discriminant of the derived type, or constrained to the value of an expression.] When inherited or constrained to equal some new discriminant, the parent discriminant and the discriminant of the derived type are said to correspond. Two discriminants also correspond if there is some common discriminant to which they both correspond. A discriminant corresponds to itself as well. If a discriminant of a parent type is constrained to a specific value by a derived_type_definition, then that discriminant is said to be specified by that derived_type_definition.

Ramification: The correspondence relationship is transitive, symmetric, and reflexive. That is, if A corresponds to B, and B corresponds to C, then A, B, and C each corresponds to A, B, and C in all combinations.

A constraint that appears within the definition of a discriminated type depends on a discriminant of the type if it names the discriminant as a bound or discriminant value. A component_definition depends on a discriminant if its constraint depends on the discriminant, or on a discriminant that corresponds to it.

Ramification: A constraint in a task_body is not considered to depend on a discriminant of the task type, even if it names it. It is only the constraints in the type definition itself that are considered dependents. Similarly for protected types.

Ramification: A component does not depend on a discriminant just because its default_expression refers to the discriminant.

Reason: When the parent subtype depends on a discriminant, the parent part of the derived type is treated like a discriminant-dependent component.

Ramification: Because of this rule, we don't really need to worry about “corresponding” discriminants, since all the inherited components will be discriminant-dependent if there is a new known_discriminant_part whose discriminants are used to constrain the old discriminants.

Reason: The concept of discriminant-dependent (sub)components is primarily used in various rules that disallow renaming or 'Access, or specify that certain discriminant-changing assignments are erroneous. The goal is to allow implementations to move around or change the size of discriminant-dependent subcomponents upon a discriminant-changing assignment to an enclosing object. The above definition specifies that all subcomponents of a discriminant-dependent component or parent part are themselves discriminant-dependent, even though their presence or size does not in fact depend on a discriminant. This is because it is likely that they will move in a discriminant-changing assignment if they are a component of one of several discriminant-dependent parts of the same record.

Each value of a discriminated type includes a value for each component of the type that does not depend on a discriminant[; this includes the discriminants themselves]. The values of discriminants determine which other component values are present in the value of the discriminated type.

To be honest: Which values are present might depend on discriminants of some ancestor type that are constrained in an intervening derived_type_definition. That's why we say "values of discriminants" instead of "values of the discriminants" — a subtle point.

A type declared with a known_discriminant_part is said to have known discriminants; its first subtype is unconstrained. A type declared with an unknown_discriminant_part is said to have unknown discriminants. A type declared without a discriminant_part has no discriminants, unless it is a derived type; if derived, such a type has the same sort of discriminants (known, unknown, or none) as its parent (or ancestor) type. A tagged class-wide type also has unknown discriminants. [Any subtype of a type with unknown discriminants is an unconstrained and indefinite subtype (see 3.2 and 3.3).]

Discussion: {AI95-00114-01} An unknown_discriminant_part “(<>)” is only permitted in the declaration of a (generic or nongeneric) private type, private extension, incomplete type, or formal derived type. Hence, only such types, descendants thereof, and class-wide types can have unknown discriminants. An unknown_discriminant_part is used to indicate that the corresponding actual or full type might have discriminants without defaults, or be an unconstrained array subtype. Tagged class-wide types are also considered to have unknown discriminants because discriminants can be added by type extensions, so the total number of discriminants of any given value of a tagged class-wide type is not known at compile time.

{AI95-00287-01} A subtype with unknown discriminants is indefinite, and hence an object of such a subtype needs explicit initialization. If the subtype is limited, no (stand-alone) objects can be declared since initialization is not permitted (though formal parameters are permitted, and objects of the actual/full type will generally be declarable). A limited private type with unknown discriminants is “extremely” limited; objects of such a type can be initialized only by subprograms (either procedures with a parameter of the type, or a function returning the type) declared in the package. Subprograms declared elsewhere can operate on and even return the type, but they can only initialize the object by calling (ultimately) a subprogram in the package declaring the type. Such a type is useful for keeping complete control over object creation within the package declaring the type.

A partial view of a type might have unknown discriminants, while the full view of the same type might have known, unknown, or no discriminants.,

Dynamic Semantics

{AI95-00230-01} {AI95-00416-01} For an access discriminant, its An access_definition is elaborated when the value of the a corresponding access discriminant is defined:, either by evaluation of its default_expression, or by elaboration of a discriminant_constraint, or by an assignment that initializes the enclosing object.. [The elaboration of an access_definition creates the anonymous access type. When the expression defining the access discriminant is evaluated, it is converted to this anonymous access type (see 4.6).]

Ramification: {AI95-00231-01} {AI95-00416-01} The This conversion of the expression defining the access discriminant to the anonymous access type raises Program_Error Constraint_Error if the initial value is null, or, for an object created by an allocator of an access type T, if the initial value is an access parameter that designates a view whose accessibility level is deeper than that of T.

55 If a discriminated type has default_expressions for its discriminants, then unconstrained variables of the type are permitted, and the values of the discriminants can be changed by an assignment to such a variable. If defaults are not provided for the discriminants, then all variables of the type are constrained, either by explicit constraint or by their initial value; the values of the discriminants of such a variable cannot be changed after initialization.

Discussion: This connection between discriminant defaults and unconstrained variables can be a source of confusion. For Ada 95, we considered various ways to break the connection between defaults and unconstrainedness, but ultimately gave up for lack of a sufficiently simple and intuitive alternative.

An unconstrained discriminated subtype with defaults is called a mutable subtype, and a variable of such a subtype is called a mutable variable, because the discriminants of such a variable can change. There are no mutable arrays (that is, the bounds of an array object can never change), because there is no way in the language to define default values for the bounds. Similarly, there are no mutable class-wide subtypes, because there is no way to define the default tag, and defaults for discriminants are not allowed in the tagged case. Mutable tags would also require a way for the maximum possible size of such a class-wide subtype to be known. (In some implementations, all mutable variables are allocated with the maximum possible size. This approach is appropriate for real-time applications where implicit use of the heap is inappropriate.)

57 Assignment to a discriminant of an object (after its initialization) is not allowed, since the name of a discriminant is a constant; neither assignment_statements nor assignments inherent in passing as an in out or out parameter are allowed. Note however that the value of a discriminant can be changed by assigning to the enclosing object, presuming it is an unconstrained variable.

Discussion: {AI95-00114-01} An unknown_discriminant_part is permitted only in the declaration of a private type (including generic formal private), private extension, incomplete type, or generic formal derived type. These are the things that will have a corresponding completion or generic actual, which will either define the discriminants, or say there are none. The (<>) indicates that the actual/full subtype might be an indefinite subtype. An unknown_discriminant_part is not permitted in a normal untagged derived type declaration, because there is no separate full type declaration for such a type. Note that (<>) allows unconstrained array bounds; those are somewhat like undefaulted discriminants.

For a derived type, either the discriminants are inherited as is, or completely respecified in a new discriminant_part. In this latter case, each discriminant of the parent type shall be constrained, either to a specific value, or to equal one of the new discriminants. Constraining a parent type's discriminant to equal one of the new discriminants is like a renaming of the discriminant, except that the subtype of the new discriminant can be more restrictive than that of the parent's one. In any case, the new discriminant can share storage with the parent's discriminant.

Examples

{AI95-00433-01} {AI05-0229-1} task type Worker(Prio : System.Priority; Buf : access Buffer)
   with Priority => Prio is -- see D.1 is
   -- discriminants used to parameterize the task type (see 9.1)
   pragma Priority(Prio);  -- see D.1
   entry Fill;
   entry Drain;
end Worker; type Item(Number : Positive) is
   record
      Content : Integer;
      --  no component depends on the discriminant
   end record;

Extensions to Ada 83

The syntax for a discriminant_specification is modified to allow an access discriminant, with a type specified by an access_definition (see 3.10).

{AI95-00251-01} Discriminants are allowed on all composite types other than array and interface types.

Discriminants may be of an access type.

Wording Changes from Ada 83

Discriminant_parts are not elaborated, though an access_definition is elaborated when the discriminant is initialized.

Extensions to Ada 95

{AI95-00230-01} {AI95-00402-01} {AI95-00416-01} Access discriminants (anonymous access types used as a discriminant) can be used on any type allowing discriminants. Defaults aren't allowed on discriminants of non-limited types, however, so that accessibility problems don't happen on assignment.

{AI95-00231-01} null_exclusion can be used in the declaration of a discriminant.

Wording Changes from Ada 95

{8652/0007} {AI95-00098-01} Corrigendum: The wording was clarified so that types that cannot have discriminants cannot have an unknown_discriminant_part.

{AI95-00251-01} Added wording to prevent interfaces from having discriminants. We don't want interfaces to have any components.

{AI95-00254-01} Removed wording which implied or required an access discriminant to have an access-to-object type (anonymous access types can now be access-to-subprogram types as well).

{AI95-00326-01} Fixed the wording of the introduction to this clause to reflect that both incomplete and partial views can have unknown discriminants. That was always true, but for some reason this wording specified partial views.

{AI95-00419-01} Changed the wording to use the new term “explicitly limited record”, which makes the intent much clearer (and eliminates confusion with derived types that happen to contain the reserved word limited).

Incompatibilities With Ada 2005

{AI05-0063-1} Correction: Changed the rules for when access discriminants can have defaults to depend on the new definition for immutably limited types; this will help ensure that unusual corner cases are properly handled. Note that the Ada 2005 rule was unintentionally incompatible with the Ada 95 rule (as enforced by the ACATS); this change brings it back into alignment with actual practice. So there should be no practical incompatibility.

3.7 Discriminants