Ada '83 Language Reference Manual

Copyright 1980, 1982, 1983 owned by the United States Government. Direct reproduction and usage requests to the Ada Information Clearinghouse.

Table of Contents

Contents

• Foreword

• 1. Introduction
  • 1.1 Scope of the Standard
    • 1.1.1. Extent of the Standard
    • 1.1.2. Conformity of an Implementation with the Standard
  • 1.2. Structure of the Standard
  • 1.3. Design Goals and Sources
  • 1.4. Language Summary
  • 1.5. Syntax Notation
  • 1.6. Classification of Errors
• 2. Lexical Elements
  • 2.1. Character Set
  • 2.2. Lexical Elements, Separators and Delimiters
  • 2.3. Identifiers
  • 2.4. Numeric Literals
    • 2.4.1. Decimal Literals
    • 2.4.2. Based Literals
  • 2.5. Character Literals
  • 2.6. String Literals
  • 2.7. Comments
  • 2.8. Pragmas
  • 2.9. Reserved Words
  • 2.10. Allowed Replacements of Characters
• 3. Declarations and Types
  • 3.1. Declarations
  • 3.2. Objects and Named Numbers
    • 3.2.1. Object Declarations
    • 3.2.2. Number Declarations
  • 3.3. Types and Subtypes
    • 3.3.1. Type Declarations
    • 3.3.2. Subtype Declarations
    • 3.3.3. Classification of Operations
  • 3.4. Derived Types
  • 3.5. Scalar Types
    • 3.5.1. Enumeration Types
    • 3.5.2. Character Types
    • 3.5.3. Boolean Types
    • 3.5.4. Integer Types
    • 3.5.5. Operations of Discrete Types
    • 3.5.6. Real Types
    • 3.5.7. Floating Point Types
    • 3.5.8. Operations of Floating Point Types
    • 3.5.9. Fixed Point Types
    • 3.5.10. Operations of fixed point types
  • 3.6. Array Types
    • 3.6.1. Index Constraints and Discrete Ranges
    • 3.6.2. Operations of Array Types
    • 3.6.3. The Type String
  • 3.7. Record Types
    • 3.7.1. Discriminants
    • 3.7.2. Discriminant Constraints
    • 3.7.3. Variant Parts
    • 3.7.4. Operations of Record Types
  • 3.8. Access Types
    • 3.8.1. Incomplete Type Declarations
    • 3.8.2. Operations of Access Types
  • 3.9. Declarative Parts
• 4. Names and Expressions
  • 4.1. Names
    • 4.1.1. Indexed Components
    • 4.1.2. Slices
    • 4.1.3. Selected Components
    • 4.1.4. Attributes
  • 4.2. Literals
  • 4.3. Aggregates
    • 4.3.1. Record Aggregates
    • 4.3.2. Array Aggregates
  • 4.4. Expressions
  • 4.5. Operators and Expression Evaluation
    • 4.5.1. Logical Operators and Short Circuit Control Forms
    • 4.5.2. Relational Operators and Membership Tests
    • 4.5.3. Adding Operators
    • 4.5.4. Unary Operators
    • 4.5.5. Multiplying Operators
    • 4.5.6. Exponentiating Operator
    • 4.5.7. Accuracy of Operations with Real Operands
  • 4.6. Type Conversions
  • 4.7. Qualified Expressions
  • 4.8. Allocators
  • 4.9. Static Expressions and Static Subtypes
  • 4.10. Universal Expression
• 5. Statements
  • 5.1. Simple and Compound Statements - Sequences of Statements
  • 5.2. Assignment Statement
    • 5.2.1. Array Assignments
  • 5.3. If Statements
  • 5.4. Case Statements
  • 5.5. Loop Statements
  • 5.6. Block Statements
  • 5.7. Exit Statements
  • 5.8. Return Statements
  • 5.9. Goto Statements
• 6. Subprograms
  • 6.1. Subprogram Declarations
  • 6.2. Formal Parameter Modes
  • 6.3. Subprogram Bodies
    • 6.3.1. Conformance Rules
    • 6.3.2. Inline Expansion of Subprograms
  • 6.4. Subprogram Calls
    • 6.4.1. Parameter Associations
    • 6.4.2. Default Parameters
  • 6.5. Function Subprograms
  • 6.6. Parameter and Result Type Profile - Overloading of Subprograms
  • 6.7. Overloading of Operators
• 7. Packages
  • 7.1. Package Structure
  • 7.2. Package Specifications and Declarations
  • 7.3. Package Bodies
  • 7.4. Private Type and Deferred Constant Declarations
    • 7.4.1. Private Types
    • 7.4.2. Operations of a Private Type
    • 7.4.3. Deferred Constants
    • 7.4.4. Limited Types
  • 7.5. Example of a Table Management Package
  • 7.6. Example of a Text Handling Package
• 8. Visibility Rules
  • 8.1. Declarative Region
  • 8.2. Scope of Declarations
  • 8.3. Visibility
  • 8.4. Use Clauses
  • 8.5. Renaming Declarations
  • 8.6. The Package Standard
  • 8.7. The Context of Overload Resolution
• 9. Tasks
  • 9.1. Task Specifications and Task Bodies
  • 9.2. Task Types and Task Objects
  • 9.3. Task Execution - Task Activation
  • 9.4. Task Dependence - Termination of Tasks
  • 9.5. Entries, Entry Calls and Accept Statements
  • 9.6. Delay Statements, Duration and Time
  • 9.7. Select Statements
    • 9.7.1. Selective Waits
    • 9.7.2. Conditional Entry Calls
    • 9.7.3. Timed Entry Calls
  • 9.8. Priorities
  • 9.9. Task and Entry Attributes
  • 9.10. Abort Statements
  • 9.11. Shared Variables
  • 9.12. Example of Tasking
• 10. Program Structure and Compilation Issues
  • 10.1. Compilation Units - Library Units
    • 10.1.1. Context Clauses - With Clauses
    • 10.1.2. Examples of Compilation Units
  • 10.2. Subunits of Compilation Units
    • 10.2.1. Examples of Subunits
  • 10.3. Order of Compilation
  • 10.4. The Program Library
  • 10.5. Elaboration of Library Units
  • 10.6. Program Optimization
• 11. Exceptions
  • 11.1. Exception Declarations
  • 11.2. Exception Handlers
  • 11.3. Raise Statements
  • 11.4. Exception Handling
    • 11.4.1. Exceptions Raised During the Execution of Statements
    • 11.4.2. Exceptions Raised During the Elaboration of Declarations
  • 11.5. Exceptions Raised During Task Communication
  • 11.6. Exceptions and Optimization
  • 11.7. Suppressing Checks
• 12. Generic Units
  • 12.1. Generic Declarations
    • 12.1.1. Generic Formal Objects
    • 12.1.2. Generic Formal Types
    • 12.1.3. Generic Formal Subprograms
  • 12.2. Generic Bodies
  • 12.3. Generic Instantiation
    • 12.3.1. Matching Rules for Formal Objects
    • 12.3.2. Matching Rules for Formal Private Types
    • 12.3.3. Matching Rules for Formal Scalar Types
    • 12.3.4. Matching Rules for Formal Array Types
    • 12.3.5. Matching Rules for Formal Access Types
    • 12.3.6. Matching Rules for Formal Subprograms
  • 12.4. Example of a Generic Package
• 13. Representation Clauses and Implementation Dependent Features
  • 13.1. Representation Clauses
  • 13.2. Length Clause
  • 13.3. Enumeration Representation Clauses
  • 13.4. Record Representation Clauses
  • 13.5. Address Clauses
    • 13.5.1. Interrupts
  • 13.6. Change of Representation
  • 13.7. The Package System
    • 13.7.1. System Dependent Named Numbers
    • 13.7.2. Representation Attributes
    • 13.7.3. Representation Attributes of Real Types
  • 13.8. Machine Code Insertions
  • 13.9. Interface to other Languages
  • 13.10. Unchecked Programming
    • 13.10.1. Unchecked Storage Deallocation
    • 13.10.2. Unchecked Type Conversions
• 14. Input-Output
  • 14.1. External Files and File Objects
  • 14.2. Sequential and Direct Files
    • 14.2.1. File Management
    • 14.2.2. Sequential Input-Output
    • 14.2.3. Specification of the Package Sequential_IO
    • 14.2.4. Direct Input-Output
    • 14.2.5. Specification of the Package Direct_IO
  • 14.3. Text Input-Output
    • 14.3.1. File Management
    • 14.3.2. Default Input and Output Files
    • 14.3.3. Specification of Line and Page Lengths
    • 14.3.4. Operations on Columns, Lines and Pages
    • 14.3.5. GET and PUT Procedures
    • 14.3.6. Input-output of Characters and Strings
    • 14.3.7. Input-Output for Integer Types
    • 14.3.8. Input-Output for Real Types
    • 14.3.9. Input-Output for Enumeration Types
    • 14.3.10. Specification of the Package TEXT_IO
  • 14.4. Exceptions in Input-Output
  • 14.5. Specification of the Package IO_EXCEPTIONS
  • 14.6. Low Level Input-Output
  • 14.7. Example of Input-Output

Appendices, Annexes, and Addenda

• A. Predefined Language Attributes
• B. Predefined Language Pragmas
• C. Predefined Language Environment
  
  
• D. Glossary
• E. Syntax Summary
• F. Implementation Dependent Characteristics
  
  
• Index
  
  
• Postscript: Submission of Comments

Address any questions or comments to adainfo@sw-eng.falls-church.va.us.